The increasing use of untreated pig slurry as an organic amendment in Kozah 1 (Togo) raises environmental and public health concerns. A preliminary survey revealed that 80% of farmers apply raw slurry directly to crops, while 20% discharge it into the environment, from where it is often collected by market gardeners. This study assesses the fertilizing potential and toxicity risks associated with such practices. Samples were collected from ten randomly selected pig farms in Lama canton, a zone dominated by small-scale artisanal pig farming. In each pit, stratified sampling targeted the surface, middle, and bottom layers using a sterile bucket mounted on a 1.5-meter pole. Each layer (500 mL) was homogenized into a composite sample per site. Samples were kept at 4°C until physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. The slurry showed a high organic matter content (730 ± 1.1 g/kgDM) and macronutrients (N = 21 ± 0.2, P2O5 = 25 ± 0.2, K2O = 38 ± 0.4 g/kgDM), but a low C/N ratio (5.2), indicating instability. Pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella) and elevated nitrate and phosphate levels were also detected, suggesting health and water pollution risks. The findings underscore the need for pretreatment methods such as co-composting to reduce pathogenic loads and stabilize nutrients for safer agricultural use.
| Published in | Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 13, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11 |
| Page(s) | 140-146 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Pig Manure, Toxicity, Organic Amendment, Urban Agriculture, Soil Pollution, Co-composting
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APA Style
Krou, N. M., Akpaki, O., Takin, M., Baba, G. (2025). Toxicity Risks Associated with the Use of Untreated Pig Slurry as Organic Amendment by Farmers in the Commune of Kozah 1 (Togo). Science Journal of Chemistry, 13(5), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11
ACS Style
Krou, N. M.; Akpaki, O.; Takin, M.; Baba, G. Toxicity Risks Associated with the Use of Untreated Pig Slurry as Organic Amendment by Farmers in the Commune of Kozah 1 (Togo). Sci. J. Chem. 2025, 13(5), 140-146. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11
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Download@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11,
author = {Nitale Mbalikine Krou and Ogouvidé Akpaki and Mponkrou Takin and Gnon Baba},
title = {Toxicity Risks Associated with the Use of Untreated Pig Slurry as Organic Amendment by Farmers in the Commune of Kozah 1 (Togo)
},
journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {140-146},
doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20251305.11},
abstract = {The increasing use of untreated pig slurry as an organic amendment in Kozah 1 (Togo) raises environmental and public health concerns. A preliminary survey revealed that 80% of farmers apply raw slurry directly to crops, while 20% discharge it into the environment, from where it is often collected by market gardeners. This study assesses the fertilizing potential and toxicity risks associated with such practices. Samples were collected from ten randomly selected pig farms in Lama canton, a zone dominated by small-scale artisanal pig farming. In each pit, stratified sampling targeted the surface, middle, and bottom layers using a sterile bucket mounted on a 1.5-meter pole. Each layer (500 mL) was homogenized into a composite sample per site. Samples were kept at 4°C until physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. The slurry showed a high organic matter content (730 ± 1.1 g/kgDM) and macronutrients (N = 21 ± 0.2, P2O5 = 25 ± 0.2, K2O = 38 ± 0.4 g/kgDM), but a low C/N ratio (5.2), indicating instability. Pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella) and elevated nitrate and phosphate levels were also detected, suggesting health and water pollution risks. The findings underscore the need for pretreatment methods such as co-composting to reduce pathogenic loads and stabilize nutrients for safer agricultural use.
},
year = {2025}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Toxicity Risks Associated with the Use of Untreated Pig Slurry as Organic Amendment by Farmers in the Commune of Kozah 1 (Togo) AU - Nitale Mbalikine Krou AU - Ogouvidé Akpaki AU - Mponkrou Takin AU - Gnon Baba Y1 - 2025/10/17 PY - 2025 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11 DO - 10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11 T2 - Science Journal of Chemistry JF - Science Journal of Chemistry JO - Science Journal of Chemistry SP - 140 EP - 146 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-099X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20251305.11 AB - The increasing use of untreated pig slurry as an organic amendment in Kozah 1 (Togo) raises environmental and public health concerns. A preliminary survey revealed that 80% of farmers apply raw slurry directly to crops, while 20% discharge it into the environment, from where it is often collected by market gardeners. This study assesses the fertilizing potential and toxicity risks associated with such practices. Samples were collected from ten randomly selected pig farms in Lama canton, a zone dominated by small-scale artisanal pig farming. In each pit, stratified sampling targeted the surface, middle, and bottom layers using a sterile bucket mounted on a 1.5-meter pole. Each layer (500 mL) was homogenized into a composite sample per site. Samples were kept at 4°C until physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. The slurry showed a high organic matter content (730 ± 1.1 g/kgDM) and macronutrients (N = 21 ± 0.2, P2O5 = 25 ± 0.2, K2O = 38 ± 0.4 g/kgDM), but a low C/N ratio (5.2), indicating instability. Pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella) and elevated nitrate and phosphate levels were also detected, suggesting health and water pollution risks. The findings underscore the need for pretreatment methods such as co-composting to reduce pathogenic loads and stabilize nutrients for safer agricultural use. VL - 13 IS - 5 ER -
Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo
Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo
Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo
Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Department of Chemistry, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
