| Peer-Reviewed

Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes

Received: 17 September 2022     Accepted: 10 October 2022     Published: 23 December 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.

Published in Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
Page(s) 225-231
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Faecal Sludge, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, Inactivation of Pathogenic Germs, Agronomic Uses

References
[1] Butte, G., Niwagaba, C., and Nordin, A., (2021). Assessing the microbial risk of faecal sludge use in Ugandan agriculture by comparing field and theoretical model output. Water Research 197: 117068.
[2] Kehrein, P., Loosdrecht, V. M., Osseweijer, P., Garfí, M., Dewulf, J., and Posada, J., (2020). A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants–market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 6 (4): 877-910.
[3] Mawi, P. M., Hooijmans, C. M., Garcia, H. A., and Brdjanovic, D., (2016). Microwave treatment of faecal sludge from intensively used toilets in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Environmental Management, 184: 575-584.
[4] Mamera, M., Tol, J. J. v., and Aghoghovwia, M. P., (2022). Treatment of faecal sludge and sewage effluent by pinewood biochar to reduce wastewater bacteria and inorganic contaminants leaching. Water Research, 221: 118775.
[5] Recalde, M., Woudstra, T., and Aravind, P. V., (2018). Renewed sanitation technology: A highly efficient faecal-sludge gasification–solid oxide fuel cell power plant. Applied Energy 222 (2018) 515–529.
[6] Kocbek, E., Garcia, H. A., Hooijmans, C. M., Mijatović, I., Kržišnik, D., Humar, M., and Brdjanovic, D., (2022). Effects of the sludge physical-chemical properties on its microwave drying performance. Science of the Total Environment, 838: 1-14.
[7] Pérez, M. E. G., (2014). Sanitising faecal sludge with ammonia (from urea) in the context of emergency situations. Master of Science Thesis, in Department of Environmenttal Engineering and Water technology, UNESCO-IHE.
[8] Strandea, L., Schoebitza, L., Bischoffa, F., Ddibab, D., and Okellob, F., (2018). Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and management solutions. Journal of Environmental Management 223 (2018) 898–907.
[9] Akpaki, O., Segbeaya, K. N., Koledzi, K. E., and Baba, G., (2021). Faecal sludge stabilization by two chemical processes. International Journal of Current Research, (IJCR), 13 (04): 16857-16861.
[10] CEAEQ and MAPAQs, (2003). Determination of organic matter by incineration: fire loss method, MA. 1010 – PAF 1.0, Quebec Ministry of Environment. MA. 1010 – PAF 1.0 ed. 9.
[11] Canler, J. P., (2005). Dysfonctionnements biologiques des station d'épuration: origines et solutions. Document technique FNDAE n°33. http://www.eaufndae.fr.
[12] Akpaki, O., (2015). Physico-chemical characterization of Attidjin faecale sludge (Gulf of Togo Prefecture), Department of Chemistry. Thesis, University of Lomé.
[13] Barty, K., (2007). Determination of heavy metals in soils, sludge and sediments. Intersol, Paris.
[14] Senecal, J. and Vinnerås, B., (2017). Urea stabilisation and concentration for urine-diverting dry toilets: Urine dehydration in ash. Science of The Total Environment, 586: 650-657.
[15] Romuald, B. B. K., (2014). Removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions by mesoporous silicon (SBA-15) functionalized with acid organic groups. Thesis, PhD in soil and environment. Université LAVAL. Québec, Canada.
[16] García, M. A., Chimenos, J. M., Fernández, A. I., Miralles, L., Segarra, M., and Espeill, F., (2004). Low-grade MgO used stabilize heavy metals in highly contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 56: 481-491.
[17] Canler, J.-P., (2005). Biological malfunctions of treatment plants: origins and solutions. Technical document. FNDAE n° 33. http://www.eau.fndae.fr.
[18] Meyel, J.-P. and Berbers, W., (2008). The Codecal Process®: A Powerful Solution for Sewage Sludge Treatment. Pollutec Lyon Conference December 3, 2008. www.codecal.com
[19] Bonnin, C. and Coriton, G., (1999). Sludge stabilization process. European Patent Specification (EP 0 817 760 B1). European Patent Office.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan. (2022). Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Science Journal of Chemistry, 10(6), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Ogouvide Akpaki; Nitale M’Balikine Krou; Sassou Megnassan. Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Sci. J. Chem. 2022, 10(6), 225-231. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan. Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Sci J Chem. 2022;10(6):225-231. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15,
      author = {Ogouvide Akpaki and Nitale M’Balikine Krou and Sassou Megnassan},
      title = {Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes},
      journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
      volume = {10},
      number = {6},
      pages = {225-231},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20221006.15},
      abstract = {Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes
    AU  - Ogouvide Akpaki
    AU  - Nitale M’Balikine Krou
    AU  - Sassou Megnassan
    Y1  - 2022/12/23
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
    T2  - Science Journal of Chemistry
    JF  - Science Journal of Chemistry
    JO  - Science Journal of Chemistry
    SP  - 225
    EP  - 231
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-099X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
    AB  - Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (OCESL), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

  • Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (OCESL), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

  • Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (OCESL), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

  • Sections