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Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review

Received: 26 December 2022     Accepted: 14 January 2023     Published: 30 January 2023
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Abstract

In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.

Published in Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
Page(s) 1-9
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Toxic Metals, Drinking Water, Rivers, Ponds, Underground, Rainwater

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    Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. (2023). Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Science Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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    Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim; Emmanuel Azokpota; Léonce Firmin Dovonon; Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa; Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Sci. J. Chem. 2023, 11(1), 1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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    Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Sci J Chem. 2023;11(1):1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11,
      author = {Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim and Emmanuel Azokpota and Léonce Firmin Dovonon and Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa and Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun and Daouda Mama and Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue},
      title = {Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review},
      journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
      volume = {11},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-9},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20231101.11},
      abstract = {In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review
    AU  - Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim
    AU  - Emmanuel Azokpota
    AU  - Léonce Firmin Dovonon
    AU  - Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa
    AU  - Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun
    AU  - Daouda Mama
    AU  - Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue
    Y1  - 2023/01/30
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
    T2  - Science Journal of Chemistry
    JF  - Science Journal of Chemistry
    JO  - Science Journal of Chemistry
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 9
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-099X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
    AB  - In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Hydrology Laboratory (LHA), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Hydrology Laboratory (LHA), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

  • Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

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